Polymers are industrially key materials and their properties can be widely controlled by mixing different polymers and polymers/inorganic materials as well as by tuning the chemical structure and molecular arrangement. The relationships between the microstructures inside and macroscopic properties of polymeric materials have not been clarified yet. Thus, we work on the atomic-resolution observation of single polymer chains, orientation mapping of polymer crystals, 3D observation of phase-separated structures, deformation-dynamics observation of nanoparticle composite materials, etc., by front-line transmission electron microscopy techniques. We aim to elucidate the relationships between microstructures/dynamics and macroscopic properties of polymeric materials through these observations.